Susan Cain’s 2013 bookQuietfocused teacherly attention on students’ introversion.
In Cain’s telling, schools valorize extraversion over introversion.
We praise and reward the outspoken student. We worry over the quiet student. Often we champion group discussion and teamwork, and look askance at soft-spoken, individual effort.
Whatever the truth of these concerns, this framework rests on the unspoken assumption that introverts and extroverts remain constant in their identities. Introverts act introverted most (or all) of the time. Extraverts are the life of every party.
What if that weren’t true? What if we could deliberately act more one way other the other?
But, Why Are You Asking?
Before we investigate those questions, we should ask a more basic one: why bother? Why encourage extraverts to act like introverts?
It turns out that, on average, extravertsfeel happierthan introverts do. (Psychologists typically speak of “well being” more than happiness. And, they’ve got fancy terms to define and measure it. But, at the end of the day, extraverts experience more of the good stuff than the introverts do.)
So, if we could help introverts be more extraverted, would theyfeel happier?
And, by the way, happy people get other benefits. In Csikszentmihalyi’s terminology, they experience flow state more often. In Deci and Ryan’s terminology, they experience connectedness, autonomy, and competence more often.
And so, researchers ask this question as a way topromote happiness,and all the good things that come with it.
The Research, the Results
Seth Margolis and Sonja Lyubomirskyasked 130 college students to act more extraverted for a week, and then more introverted for a week. (Half went in that order; the other half went in the reverse order.)
They did all the things you’d want researchers to do. For instance: they took care to describe introverted and extraverted behavior equally positively. (That’s hard to do, in a culture that valorizes extraversion.)
What did they find?
Margolis and Lyubomirsky kept track of roughly 2 dozen variables, and so they’ve got LOTS of results to report. The headlines:
When these students acted more extraverted,they experienced more positive affect. When they acted more introverted, they experienced less.
Also, back to Csikszentmihalyi: they experienced flow more often when acting extraverted, and less often when acting introverted.
Back to Deci & Ryan: they experienced connectedness more often when extraverted.
Extraversion, however, had weak or inconsistent effects on life satisfaction, and Deci & Ryan’s competence.
But basically, extraversion – even forced extraversion – produced lots of benefits over the week.
Lots of Caveats
Margolis and Lyubomirsky have done unusual work here. For one thing, psychology studies rarely last two full weeks.
For that reason, we’ll want to look out for follow-up studies to see if other researchers arrive at similar conclusions.
Also, they emphasize that their data come from self-report – a kind of measurement that’s inherently less reliable than other kinds.
Those caveats (and many others) acknowledged, I think this study highlights encouraging possibilities.
First: people can successfully change their behavior. Even though I might incline to introversion, I can push myself to act extraverted. And when I do, I get the happiness benefits that extraverts get.
Second: in highlighting extraversion, schools might not be harming introverts as much as Cain worried. If, in fact, extraverts feel happy (and experience flow; and feel greater connectedness) more often than introverts, we might not be harming introverts by nudging them out of their comfort zones.
I should emphasize, this second point is my own: neither stated nor implied by Margolis and Lyubomirsky. And, I could be entirely wrong. Perhaps a week-long experiment in extraversion is beneficial for introverts, but more than a week is draining. Or, perhapsvoluntaryextraversion produces these benefits, butschool-requiredextraversion doesn’t.
In any case, I think we can usefully rethink questions about introverts and extraverts in school.
Admitting My Bias
As you read this post – which seems to champion extraversion – you might wonder where I myself fall in this dichotomy. That is: am I promoting extraversion simply because I’m an extravert?
The answer is: I am a little bit of both.
If you meet me as a presenter at a Learning and the Brain conference, you’ll see my extraverted side. In that professional setting, I’m comfortable putting on my loud-in-public persona.
If you meet me at a cocktail party, you’ll definitely see my introverted side. I’ll be in the corner having a deep conversation with one person. I certainly won’t be introducing myself to strangers, and telling raucous jokes to a room of on-lookers. (Who am I kidding? I rarely go to cocktail parties, because my introverted side doesn’t like small talk.)
In brief: I’m not championing extraversion because I’m an extravert.
I’m inviting readers torethink the very beliefthat extraverts and introverts are two different species. I thinkwe’realla bit of both.
And, if we can help our students (and ourselves) by encouraging extraversion, then schools and teachers should know the good we can do.
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