Sanoid is a policy-driven snapshot management tool for ZFS filesystems. When combined with the Linux KVM hypervisor, you can use it to make your systems functionally immortal .
(Real time demo: rolling back a full-scale cryptomalware infection in seconds!)
More prosaically, you can use Sanoid to create, automatically thin, and monitor snapshots and pool health from a single eminently human-readable TOML config file at /etc/sanoid/sanoid.conf . (Sanoid also requires a “defaults” file located at /etc/sanoid/sanoid.defaults.conf, which is not user-editable.) A typical Sanoid system would have a single cron job:
TZ=UTC / usr / local / bin / sanoid –cron
Note
And its /etc/sanoid/sanoid.conf might look something like this: [data/home] use_template=production [data/images] use_template=production recursive=yes process_children_only=yes [data/images/win7] hourly=4 ############################# # templates below this line # ############################# [template_production] frequently=0 hourly= daily= monthly=3 yearly=0 autosnap=yes autoprune=yes
Which would be enough to tell sanoid to take and keep hourly snapshots, 42 dailies, 3 monthlies, and no yearlies for all datasets under data / images (but not data / images itself, since process_children_only is set). Except in the case of data / images / win7, which follows the same template (since it’s a child of data / images) but only keeps 4 hourslies for whatever reason.
– cron 
This will process your sanoid.conf file, create snapshots, then purge expired ones.
– configdir
Specify a location for the config file named sanoid.conf. Defaults to / etc / sanoid
– cache-dir
Specify a directory to store the zfs snapshot cache. Defaults to / var / cache / sanoid
– run-dir
Specify a directory for temporary files such as lock files. Defaults to / var / run / sanoid
– take-snapshots
This will process your sanoid.conf file, create snapshots, but it will NOT purge expired ones. (Note that snapshots taken are atomic in an individual dataset context,
– prune-snapshots
This will process your sanoid.conf file, it will NOT create snapshots, but it will purge expired ones.
– force-prune
Purges expired snapshots even if a send / recv is in progress
– monitor-snapshots
This option is designed to be run by a Nagios monitoring system. It reports on the health of your snapshots.
– monitor-health
This option is designed to be run by a Nagios monitoring system. It reports on the health of the zpool your filesystems are on. It only monitors filesystems that are configured in the sanoid.conf file.
– monitor-capacity
This option is designed to be run by a Nagios monitoring system. It reports on the capacity of the zpool your filesystems are on. It only monitors pools that are configured in the sanoid.conf file.
– force-update
This clears out sanoid’s zfs snapshot listing cache. This is normally not needed.
– version
This prints the version number, and exits.
– quiet
Supress non-error output.
– verbose
This prints additional information during the sanoid run.
– debug
This prints out quite alot of additional information during a sanoid run, and is normally not needed.
– readonly
Skip creation / deletion of snapshots (Simulate).
– help
Show help message.
Sanoid also includes a replication tool, syncoid, which facilitates the asynchronous incremental replication of ZFS filesystems. A typical syncoid command might look like this: syncoid data / images / vm backup / images / vm
Which would replicate the specified ZFS filesystem (aka dataset) from the data pool to the backup pool on the local system, or
syncoid data / images / vm root @ remotehost: backup / images / vm
Which would push-replicate the specified ZFS filesystem from the local host to remotehost over an SSH tunnel, or
syncoid root @ remotehost: data / images / vm backup / images / vm
Which would pull-replicate the filesystem from the remote host to the local system over an SSH tunnel.
Syncoid supports recursive replication (replication of a dataset and all its child datasets) and uses mbuffer buffering, lzop compression, and pv progress bars if the utilities are available on the systems used. If ZFS supports resumeable send / receive streams on both the source and target those will be enabled as default.
As of 1.4. , syncoid also automatically supports and enables resume of interrupted replication when both source and target support this feature.
Syncoid Dataset Properties
syncoid: sync
Available values:
true) (default if unset)
This dataset will be synchronized to all hosts.
false
This dataset will not be synchronized to any hosts – it will be skipped. This can be useful for preventing certain datasets from being transferred when recursively handling a tree.
host1, host2, …
A comma separated list of hosts. This dataset will only be synchronized by hosts listed in the property.
(Note) : this check is performed by the host running (syncoid) , thus the local hostname must be present for inclusion during a push operation // the remote hostname must be present for a pull .
(Note) : this will also prevent syncoid from handling the dataset if given explicitly on the command line.
(Note) : syncing a child of a no-sync dataset will currently result in a critical error.
(Note) : empty properties will be handled as if they were unset.
Syncoid Command Line Options 
This is the source dataset. It can be either local or remote.
This is the destination dataset. It can be either local or remote.
– identifier=
Adds the given identifier to the snapshot name after “syncoid_” prefix and before the hostname. This enables the use case of reliable replication to multiple targets from the same host. The following chars are allowed: a-z, A-Z, 0-9, _, -,: and. .
– r –recursive
This will also transfer child datasets.
– skip-parent
This will skip the syncing of the parent dataset. Does nothing without ‘–recursive’ option.
– compress
Currently accepted options: gzip, pigz-fast, pigz-slow, zstd-fast, zstd-slow, lz4, xz, lzo (default) & none. If the selected compression method is unavailable on the source and destination, no compression will be used.
– source-bwlimit
This is the bandwidth limit in bytes (kbytes, mbytes, etc) per second imposed upon the source. This is mainly used if the target does not have mbuffer installed, but bandwidth limits are desired.
– target-bw-limit
This is the bandwidth limit in bytes (kbytes, mbytesm etc) per second imposed upon the target. This is mainly used if the source does not have mbuffer installed, but bandwidth limits are desired.
– no-command-checks
Does not check the existence of commands before attempting the transfer, providing administrators a way to run the tool with minimal overhead and maximum speed, at risk of possibly failed replication, or other possible edge cases. It assumes all programs are available, and should not be used in most situations. This is an not an officially supported run mode.
– no-stream
This argument tells syncoid to use -i incrementals, not -I. This updates the target with the newest snapshot from the source, without replicating the intermediate snapshots in between. (If used for an initial synchronization, will do a full replication from newest snapshot and exit immediately, rather than starting with the oldest and then doing an immediate -i to the newest.)
– no-sync-snap
This argument tells syncoid to restrict itself to existing snapshots, instead of creating a semi-ephemeral syncoid snapshot at execution time. Especially useful in multi-target (A-> B, A-> C) replication schemes, where you might otherwise accumulate a large number of foreign syncoid snapshots.
– create-bookmark
This argument tells syncoid to create a zfs bookmark for the newest snapshot after it got replicated successfully. The bookmark name will be equal to the snapshot name. Only works in combination with the –no-sync-snap option. This can be very useful for irregular replication where the last matching snapshot on the source was already deleted but the bookmark remains so a replication is still possible.
– no-clone-rollback
Do not rollback clones on target
– no-rollback
Do not rollback anything (clones or snapshots) on target host
– exclude=REGEX
The given regular expression will be matched against all datasets which would be synced by this run and excludes them. This argument can be specified multiple times.
– no-resume
This argument tells syncoid to not use resumeable zfs send / receive streams.
– force-delete
Remove target datasets recursively (WARNING: this will also affect child datasets with matching snapshots / bookmarks), if there are no matching snapshots / bookmarks.
– no-clone-handling
This argument tells syncoid to not recreate clones on the targe on initial sync and doing a normal replication instead.
– dumpsnaps
This prints a list of snapshots during the run.
– no-privilege-elevation
Bypass the root check and assume syncoid has the necessary permissions (for use with ZFS permission delegation).
– sshport
Allow sync to / from boxes running SSH on non-standard ports.
– sshcipher
Instruct ssh to use a particular cipher set.
– sshoption
Passes option to ssh. This argument can be specified multiple times.
– sshkey
Use specified identity file as per ssh -i.
– quiet
Supress non-error output.
– debug
This prints out quite alot of additional information during a sanoid run, and is normally not needed.
– help
Show help message.
– version
– monitor-version
This doesn’t do anything right now.
Note that the sync snapshots syncoid creates are not atomic in a global context: sync snapshots of pool / dataset1 and pool / dataset2 will each be internally consistent, but one may be a few filesystem transactions “newer” than the other . (This does not affect the consistency of snapshots already taken in other ways, which syncoid replicates in the overall stream unless –no-stream is specified. So if you want to manually zfs snapshot -R pool @ 1 before replicating with syncoid, the global atomicity of pool / dataset1 @ 1 and pool / dataset2 @ 1 will still be intact.)
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