More evidence points to Iranian cruise missiles, drones in attack on Saudi oilfield, Ars Technica

           

  

Debris gathered from the drones and missiles used to attack an oil field and refinery in eastern Saudi Arabia increasingly lends credence to US and Saudi accusations that Iran was in some way behind the attacks. Other evidence presented thus far also suggests the attacks may have been launched from Iran rather than Yemen, as the leadership of the Houthi militia fighting Saudi Arabia there has claimed.

A total of 25 drones and missiles were used in the attack. The missiles appear to have been identical to the Quds-1 cruise missile revealed by Ansar Allah (the Houthi militia) in a weapons display on July 7. The drones were delta-winged, propeller-driven unmanned aircrafts with stabilizer fins at the tips of each wing.

Quds it be?

The Quds-1 is a smaller missile than the Soumar — Iran clone of a Soviet-era cruise missile obtained from Ukraine in 2001 – and its latest iteration, the Hoveyzeh. The Quds-1 uses what appears to be a Czech-built turbojet engine, thePBS Aerospace TJ 100(which PBS advertises as “especially suitable for unmanned aerial vehicles”) stuck onto its upper fuselage for propulsion.

Based on analysis of photographs and other evidence,Fabian Hinz of the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studiesand others have posited that the Quds-1 was used in the September 14attacks. A TJ 100 engine was found in the wreckage, and the missile was a smaller diameter than the Soumar, with rounded control fins identical to those in photos of the Quds.

This doesn’t get Iran off the hook for the attack. Drones displayed by Iran have had TJ (turbojets) or engines that are nearly identical knock-offs). And the Houthi Ansar Allah, while having some technical capabilities, would be hard-pressed to produce turbojet engines — let alone an entire cruise missile with terrain following systems and satellite navigation.

There’s a possibility of an even more direct Iranian connection: while the Soumar would have plenty of range to be launched from Yemen and strike northeastern Saudi Arabia, the TJ 100 has significantly less thrust and is less fuel efficient than the engine used in the bigger missile. In order to reach its target, it would more likely have to had been launched from southwestern Iran. While Iran has not publicly displayed the Quds-1 under any name, it is likely that it is a simplified weapon built specifically for Iran proxies, just as Iran has done with some drone weapons.

The tempest

      

  

The drone wreckage from the attack introduces another set of questions. The “suicide” uncrewed aerial vehicles, or “loitering munitions” as they are referred to in the UAV industry, were similar — but not identical — in design to drone Iran has referred to in the past asThe Toofan (“Tempest”).

Saudi Ministry of Defense officials identified the drones as “Iranian Delta Wave UAVs.” It’s doubtful these were actually Toofan drones. Instead, it’s more likely they were an updated design based on the same delta-wing, “low observable” shape. According to a 2013 report in Iran Mehr News, the Toofan’s top speed is (kilometers per hour) 155 miles per hour), and it can fly for “over an hour.”

That would not give the drone the endurance to reach the targets in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the Toofan is optically-guided — with “a front-facing camera in the nosecone transmits live images until the moment of impact, to increase homing accuracy.” That does not appear to be the case with the drones used in the September 14 attacks. However, the drones were small (roughly 2 meters or 7 feet long) and probably only had a range of about 400 kilometers.

Again, given that it is about 1, 250 kilometers from Yemen to the target zone of the attacks, it’s highly unlikely that these drones were launched by Houthi forces there. It’s more likely that, as insimilar attacks earlier this year, the drones werelaunched by Iran-backed militia from Southern Iraq.

Iraq government has denied the attacks were launched from Iraqi territory, but a drone was spotted flying through Kuwaiti airspace on the night of the attack.

        

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